Upcast conversion — view to model

# Introduction

The process of converting the view to the model is called an upcast.

The upcast process conversion happens every time any data is being loaded into the editor.

Incoming data becomes the view which is then converted into the model via registered converters.

# Registering a converter

In order to instruct the engine how to convert a specific view element into a model element, you need to register an upcast converter by using the editor.conversion.for( 'upcast' ) method:

editor.conversion
    .for( 'upcast' )
    .elementToElement( {
        view: 'p',
        model: 'paragraph'
    } );

The above converter will handle the conversion of every <p> view element to a <paragraph> model element.

# Upcast pipeline

Contrary to the downcast where you deal with both the data and editing pipelines, the upcast process only happens in the data pipeline and is called data upcast.

The editing view may be only changed via changing the model first, hence editing pipeline needs only the downcast process.

The previous code example registers a converter for both pipelines at once. It means that a <paragraph> model element will be converted to a <p> view element in both the data view and the editing view.

# Converting to text attribute

View elements representing inline text formatting (such as <strong> or <i>) need to be converted to an attribute on a model text node.

To register such a converter, use the elementToAttribute() method:

editor.conversion
    .for( 'upcast' )
    .elementToAttribute( {
        view: 'strong',
        model: 'bold'
    } );

A text wrapped with the <strong> tag will be converted to a model text node with a bold attribute applied to it, as shown:

If you need to “copy” an attribute from a view element to a model element, use the attributeToAttribute() method.

Keep in mind that the model element must have its own converter registered, otherwise there is nothing the attribute can be copied to.

editor.conversion
    .for( 'upcast' )
    .attributeToAttribute( {
        view: 'src',
        model: 'source'
    } );

Assuming that some other feature registered the <img> to <image> model element upcast converter in the editor, you can extend this feature to allow the src attribute. This attribute will be converted into a source attribute on a model element, the way it is shown in the following snippet:

# Converting to element

Converting a view element to a corresponding model element can be achieved by registering the converter using the elementToElement() method:

editor.conversion
    .for( 'upcast' )
    .elementToElement( {
        view: {
            name: 'div',
            classes: [ 'example' ]
        },
        model: 'example'
    } );

The above converter will handle the conversion of every <div class="example"> view element into an <example> model element.

# Converting structures

As you have learnt in the previous chapter, a single model element can be downcast into a structure of multiple view elements.

The opposite process will have to detect that structure (e.g. the main element) and convert it into a simple model element.

There is no structureToElement() helper available for the upcast conversion. In order to register an upcast converter for the entire structure and create a single model element, you must use the event based API. The following example shows how to achieve it:

editor.conversion.for( 'upcast' ).add( dispatcher => {
    // Look for every view div element.
    dispatcher.on( 'element:div', ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
        // Get all the necessary items from the conversion API object.
        const {
            consumable,
            writer,
            safeInsert,
            convertChildren,
            updateConversionResult
        } = conversionApi;

        // Get view item from data object.
        const { viewItem } = data;

        // Define elements consumables.
        const wrapper = { name: true, classes: 'wrapper' };
        const innerWrapper = { name: true, classes: 'inner-wrapper' };

        // Tests if the view element can be consumed.
        if ( !consumable.test( viewItem, wrapper ) ) {
            return;
        }

        // Check if there is only one child.
        if ( viewItem.childCount !== 1 ) {
            return;
        }

        // Get the first child element.
        const firstChildItem = viewItem.getChild( 0 );

        // Check if the first element is a div.
        if ( !firstChildItem.is( 'element', 'div' ) ) {
            return;
        }

        // Tests if the first child element can be consumed.
        if ( !consumable.test( firstChildItem, innerWrapper ) ) {
            return;
        }

        // Create model element.
        const modelElement = writer.createElement( 'myElement' );

        // Insert element on a current cursor location.
        if ( !safeInsert( modelElement, data.modelCursor ) ) {
            return;
        }

        // Consume the main outer wrapper element.
        consumable.consume( viewItem, wrapper );
        // Consume the inner wrapper element.
        consumable.consume( firstChildItem, innerWrapper );

        // Handle children conversion inside inner wrapper element.
        convertChildren( firstChildItem, modelElement );

        // Necessary function call to help setting model range and cursor
        // for some specific cases when elements being split.
        updateConversionResult( modelElement, data );
    } );
} );

The above converter will detect all <div class="wrapper"><div class="inner-wrapper"><p>...</p></div></div> structures (by scanning for the outer <div>s and turning those into a single <myElement> model element). The effect should return as follows:

# Further reading

If you want to learn more about upcast helpers mentioned in this guide, we have rounded them up for you with complete descriptions and examples. We also recommend you to check out the downcast conversion guide and learn how to convert the editor model state into data output and editing view.